Front-End Development: This involves creating the visible parts of a website that users interact with directly. It includes HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) for structuring web content, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) for styling and layout, and JavaScript for adding interactivity and functionality.

Back-End Development: Back-end development focuses on the server-side of web applications. It involves programming server logic, databases, and server-hosted scripts to handle requests from the front end, process data, and send responses.

Full-Stack Development: A full-stack developer is proficient in both front-end and back-end development. They can work on all aspects of a web application, from designing the user interface to managing databases and server-side logic.

Web Frameworks: Developers often use web frameworks to streamline development. For example, popular JavaScript frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue.js are used for building interactive front-end interfaces. On the back end, frameworks like Express.js (Node.js), Ruby on Rails, Django (Python), or Laravel (PHP) help developers create robust server-side applications more efficiently.

Database Management: Web applications often rely on databases to store and retrieve data. Developers use various database management systems (DBMS) like MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, or SQL Server to handle data storage and retrieval.

Responsive Design: It's essential to ensure that websites are accessible and usable on various devices and screen sizes. Responsive web design techniques are employed to adapt the layout and content to different screen sizes, from desktop computers to smartphones.